Fatehpur Sikri

Fatehpur Sikri*
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Diwan-i-Khas – Hall of Private Audience
State Party	India
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, iii, iv
Reference	255
Region**	Asia-Pacific
Inscription history
Inscription	1986 (10th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List. ** Region as classified by UNESCO.

Fatehpur Sikri
Fatehpur Sikri Location of Fatehpur Sikri in Uttar Pradesh and India
Coordinates	27°05′41″N 77°39′46″E / 27.094663°N 77.662783°E / 27.094663; 77.662783
Country	India
State	Uttar Pradesh
District(s)	Agra
Population	28,754 (2001[update])
Time zone	IST (UTC+5:30)

Fatehpur Sikri (Hindi: फतेहपुर सीकरी, Urdu: فتحپور سیکری) is a city and a municipal board in Agra district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The historical city was constructed by Mughal emperor Akbar beginning in 1570 and served as the empire's capital from 1571 until 1585, when it was abandoned for reasons that remain unclear. The surviving palace and mosque are a tourist attraction and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History

Akbar had inherited the Mughal Empire from his father Humayun and grandfather Babur. During the 1560s he rebuilt the Agra Fort and established it as his capital. With his wife Mariam-uz-Zamani he had a son and then twins, but the twins died. He then consulted the Sufi Saint Salim Chishti from the Chishti Order who lived as a recluse in the small town Sikri near Agra. Salim predicted that Akbar would have another son, and indeed one was born in 1569 in Sikri. He was named Salim to honor the saint and would later rule the empire as Emperor Jahangir. The following year, Akbar, then 28 years old, determined to build a palace and royal city in Sikri, to honor his pir Salim Chishti. The tomb of Salim Chishti, "Salim Chisti Ka Mazar" was built there within the grounds of the Jama mosque.

The name, Fateh is of Arabic origin and means "victory", also in Urdu and Persian; Mughal Emperor Babur defeated Rana Sanga in a battle at a place called Khanwa (about 40 KM from Agra).

Fatehpur Sikri shared its imperial duties as a capital city with Agra, where a bulk of the arsenal, treasure hoards, and other reserves were kept at Agra Fort for security. During a crisis, the court, harem, and treasury could be removed to Agra, only 26 miles away, less than a day's march.

The Tomb of Salim Chisti in Fatehpur Sikri.

It is at Fatehpur Sikri that the legends of Akbar and his famed courtiers, the nine jewels or Navaratnas, were born. The legendary musician Tansen is said to have performed on an island in the middle of the pool Anup Talao (lit. anup= without metaphor, unmatched). A strong belief comes across from generations that a tunnel from here stretches to Delhi and from there to Lahore and on the other end to Agra. Due to nonmaintenance, the tunnel had been closed in 1952 at approx 500m.

Innovations in land revenue, coinage, military organisation, and provincial administration emerged during the Fatehpur Sikri years.

Fatehpur Sikri was abandoned in 1585 and the capital moved to Lahore. The reasons for this remain obscure; it is possible that water sources dried up or that Akbar needed to be closer to invading Persian and Afghan armies.

Significance

Fatehpur Sikri is regarded as Emperor Akbar's crowning architectural legacy. Indeed, its numerous palaces, halls, and masjids satisfy his creative and aesthetic impulses, typical of Mughals.

Fatehpur Sikri is a World Heritage Site. Some contemporary Indian architects, notably B. V. Doshi, have cited it as an important source of inspiration. Architect or layperson, this city generally captures the imagination and wonder of all who experience its urban spaces and see its buildings. Charles and Ray Eames cited Fatehpur Sikri in the landmark 'India Report' that led to the conception of the National Institute of Design, India's premiere design school.

The 1971 movie "Lal Patthar" meaning red stone starring Raaj Kumar and Hema Malini was shot here. Also the Shahrukh Khan starrer "Pardes" was shot here

Description

The layout of the city shows a conscious attempt to produce rich spatial effects by the organization of built forms around open spaces in interesting ways. Of particular note is the way in which shifts in axes occur as one moves along the city and the location of squares in important places with buildings forming a backdrop or envelope. It was here, in Fatehpur-sikri, Akbar tried to propagate a new religion:'Deen-e-Ilahee' after he got sincerely interested in scholarly discourses on comparative religion- especially those relating to Sufism. For that matter a separate place Diwan-e-khas was earmarked, where scholars ,saints and noblemen all congregated. Although historically speaking, the new religion propounded by Akbar never saw the light of the day yet Fatehpur-Sikri is a great example of (officially less-literate) Akbar's unblemished desire for learning! Unlike other important Mughal cities (such as Shahjahanabad, which has a very formal planning), Fatehpur Sikri has aspects of informality and improvisation. Indeed, the newly constructed city bore a similarity to the movable imperial encampment also designed by Akbar.

Important buildings

The buildings of Fatehpur Sikri show a synthesis of various regional schools of architectural craftsmanship such as Gujarati and Bengali. This was because indigenous craftsmen from various regions were used for the construction of the buildings. Influences from Hindu and Jain architecture are seen hand in hand with Islamic elements. The building material predominantly used is red sandstone, quarried from the same rocky outcrop on which it is situated.

Some of the important buildings in this city, both religious and secular buildings, are:

• Anup Talao: A tank with a central platform and four bridges leading up to it.
• Buland Darwaza (Gate of Magnificence): One of the gateways to the Jama Masjid, a stupendous piece of architecture from the outside, gradually making a transition to a human scale in the inside.
• Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience): A building typology found in many Mughal cities where the ruler meets the general public. In this case, it is a pavilion-like multi-bayed rectangular structure fronting a large open space.
• Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience): Famous for its central pillar with thirty-six voluted brackets supporting a circular platform for Akbar. It is here that Akbar had representatives of different religions discuss their faiths.
• Hujra-i-Anup Talao (Small Chamber of Anup Talao): Said to be the residence of Akbar's Muslim wife, although this is disputed due to its small size.
• Jama Masjid (Grand Mosque): The mosque, built in the manner of Indian mosques, with liwans (aisles) around a central courtyard. A distinguishing feature is the row of chhatris (small domed pavilions) over the sanctuary.
• Mariam-uz-Zamani's Palace: The building of Akbar's wife shows Gujarati influence and is built around a courtyard, with special care being taken to ensure privacy.
• Naubat Khana (Drum House): Near the entry, where important arrivals are announced.
• Pachisi Court: A square marked out as a large sized board game (the precursor to modern day Ludo and Parcheesi) where people served as the playing pieces.
• Panch Mahal: A five-storied palatial structure. The bottom floor has 176 intricately carved columns.
• Raja Birbal's House: The house of Akbar's favorite minister, who was a Hindu. Notable features of the building are the horizontal sloping sunshades or chajjas and the brackets which support them.
• Sunahra Maken: The residence of Akbar's Christian wife.
• Tomb of Salim Chisti: A white marble encased tomb within the Jama Masjid's courtyard.

Building of Fatehpur Sikri.	The audience chambers, with the Anup Talao to the left.	The audience chambers and Anup Talao	The five-storey Panch Mahal
Buland Darwaza	Detail of carving	View across Fatehpur Sikri	Central pillar of Diwan-i-Khas.
Tree at Fatehpur Sikri	Jama Masjid

Contemporary demographics

As of 2001^[update] India census, Fatehpur Sikri had a population of 28,754. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Fatehpur Sikri has an average literacy rate of 46%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 57%, and female literacy is 34%. In Fatehpur Sikri, 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.